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  2. Land Use Planning and Development Regulation Law

Land Use Planning and Development Regulation Law

Authors: Juergensmeyer, Julian Conrad / Roberts, Thomas E. / Salkin, Patricia E. / Rowberry, Ryan Max
Edition: 4th
Copyright Date: 2018
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  1. Preface
  2. Chapter 1. AN INTRODUCTION TO LAND USE PLANNING AND CONTROL LAW
    1. § 1:1 The Development of Land Use Planning and Control Law
    2. § 1:2 Scope of This Book
    3. § 1:3 Issues for the 21st Century
    4. § 1:4 Characteristics of Land Use Planning and Control Law
    5. § 1:5 Research Sources
      1. A. One Volume Treatises
      2. B. Multi-Volume Treatises
      3. C. Law Reviews
      4. D. Newsletters
      5. E. On-Line: Internet Sources
  3. Chapter 2. COMPREHENSIVE PLANS AND THE PLANNING PROCESS
    1. I. Planners and Planning
    2. § 2:1 The Practice of Planning
    3. II. Antecedents of Local Government Planning
    4. § 2:2 The Colonial Planning Era
    5. § 2:3 The Sanitary Reform Movement
    6. § 2:4 The City Beautiful Movement
    7. § 2:5 The Advent of Planning Commissions
    8. § 2:6 Early Conceptions of the City Plan
    9. III. Relationship of Planning and Zoning
    10. § 2:7 The Promulgation of Zoning Ordinances
    11. § 2:8 Zoning Displaces Planning
    12. IV. The Process of Planning Comprehensively
    13. § 2:9 The Function of the Plan
    14. § 2:10 The Rational Planning Process
    15. V. The Legal Status of the Comprehensive Plan
    16. § 2:11 Plans as Optional Policy Documents
    17. § 2:12 Incentive Based Comprehensive Planning
    18. § 2:13 Plans as Mandatory Policy Documents
    19. § 2:14 The Consistency Requirement
      1. A. The Meaning of Consistency
      2. B. Judicial Enforcement of the Consistency Requirement
      3. C. Consistency and the Standard of Judicial Review
    20. § 2:15 Smart Growth and New Urbanism
  4. Chapter 3. LAND USE CONTROLS: HISTORY, SOURCES OF POWER, AND PURPOSES
    1. I. Introduction
    2. § 3:1 Introductory Note
    3. II. The History of Land Use Controls
    4. § 3:2 Pre-20th Century
    5. § 3:3 Comprehensive Zoning
    6. § 3:4 Early Constitutional History of Zoning
      1. A. Pre-Comprehensive Zoning Cases
      2. B. Constitutional Parameters of Comprehensive Zoning: Euclid and Nectow
      3. C. The Current Generation of Cases
    7. III. Sources of Power
    8. § 3:5 In General
    9. § 3:6 Standard Zoning Enabling Act
    10. § 3:7 Inherent and Implied Powers
    11. § 3:8 Charter
    12. § 3:9 Home Rule
    13. § 3:10 Initiative and Referendum
    14. § 3:11 Special Enabling Acts
    15. § 3:12 Geographical Reach
      1. A. Extraterritorial Zoning
      2. B. Annexation and Prezoning
    16. IV. Purposes
    17. § 3:13 In General
    18. § 3:14 Preservation of Property Values
    19. § 3:15 Preservation of Character and Aesthetics
    20. § 3:16 Traffic Safety
    21. § 3:17 Public Health
    22. § 3:18 Regulation of Competition
    23. § 3:19 Fiscal Zoning to Increase Tax Base
    24. § 3:20 Promotion of Morals
    25. § 3:21 Managing Growth
      1. A. Short-Term Controls: Interim Zoning
      2. B. Long-Term Growth Management
    26. § 3:22 Zoning to Lower Condemnation Costs
    27. V. Alternatives
    28. § 3:23 Alternatives to Euclidean Zoning and the Standard Act
    29. § 3:24 The Model Land Development Code
    30. § 3:25 Wipeout Mitigation and Windfall Recapture
    31. § 3:26 Zoning by Special Assessment Financed Eminent Domain (ZSAFED)
  5. Chapter 4. ZONING BASICS
    1. I. Introduction
    2. § 4:1 Types of Zones: In General
    3. II. Use Zones
    4. § 4:2 Use Zoning
      1. A. In General
      2. B. Permitted Uses
      3. C. Regulating Use, Not Ownership
    5. § 4:3 Cumulative and Exclusive Use Zoning
      1. A. Higher and Lower Use Zones
      2. B. Intensive and Unintensive Use Zones
      3. C. Exclusive and Cumulative Use Zones
    6. § 4:4 Accessory Uses and Home Occupations
      1. A. Historical Basis and Modern Status
      2. B. Incidental and Customary Use
      3. C. Accessory Residential Use
      4. D. Professional Offices
    7. § 4:5 Single-Family Use
      1. A. The Single-Family Exclusive Zone
      2. B. Who Constitutes a Family?
    8. § 4:6 Group Homes as Single-Family Use
    9. § 4:7 Federal Disabilities Laws and Use Zoning
      1. A Fair Housing Amendments Act
      2. B. Americans with Disabilities Act
    10. § 4:8 Agricultural Uses
    11. § 4:9 Industrial and Commercial Uses
    12. § 4:10 Marijuana Dispensaries
    13. § 4:11 Enterprise Zones and Tax Incentives
    14. § 4:12 Buffer Zones
    15. III. Height, Bulk, and Setback Controls
    16. § 4:13 Height Controls
    17. § 4:14 Bulk and Setback Controls
      1. A. Minimum Lots and Frontages
      2. B. Setback and Lot Coverage
      3. C. Setback Lines for Street Widening Purposes
      4. D. Building Size
    18. § 4:15 Floor-Area Ratio (FAR)
    19. IV. Zoning with Flexibility
    20. § 4:16 The Need for Flexibility
    21. § 4:17 Floating Zones
    22. § 4:18 Conditional Zoning
      1. A. Inadequacy of General Rezoning Process
      2. B. Conditional Zoning as a Solution
      3. C. Automatic Zoning Conditions
    23. § 4:19 Incentive Zoning
    24. § 4:20 Performance Zoning
    25. § 4:21 Interim Zones and Moratoria
    26. § 4:22 Overlay Zoning
    27. V. Governmental and Community Uses
    28. § 4:23 Favored Status
    29. § 4:24 Immunity for Governmental Uses
      1. A. General Considerations
      2. B. Federal
      3. C. State and Local Government
      4. D. Local Government’s Self-Exemption
    30. § 4:25 Preemption of Local Law
    31. § 4:26 Public Utilities
      1. A. General Rules
      2. B. What Constitutes a Public Utility
      3. C. Cellular Towers and Other Telecommunications Facilities
      4. D. Underground Utility Lines
    32. § 4:27 Public-Private and Profit-Nonprofit Distinctions
      1. A. Public v. Private Uses
      2. B. Profit v. Nonprofit Uses
    33. § 4:28 Schools
      1. A. Schools as Neighbors
      2. B. Public Schools
      3. C. Private Schools: Secular and Religious
      4. D. Qualifying as a School
    34. § 4:29 Religious Uses
    35. § 4:30 Airports
    36. § 4:31 Hospitals and Medical Facilities
    37. VI. Nonconforming Uses
    38. § 4:32 In General
    39. § 4:33 Lawful Existence
    40. § 4:34 Restrictions on Nonconforming Uses
    41. § 4:35 Change in Use
      1. A. More Intensive Use
      2. B. Similar or Less Intensive Use
      3. C. Natural Growth: Right of Expansion
      4. D. Natural Resources Diminishing Assets Doctrine
    42. § 4:36 Repairs and Alterations
    43. § 4:37 Termination of Nonconforming Uses: In General
    44. § 4:38 Destruction and Abandonment
      1. A. Destruction
      2. B. Abandonment, Discontinuance and Merger
    45. § 4:39 Amortization
    46. § 4:40 Immediate Termination of Nuisance
  6. Chapter 5. ZONING PROCESS: OBTAINING OR RESISTING DEVELOPMENT PERMISSION
    1. I. Introduction
    2. § 5:1 Zoning “Forms of Action”
    3. § 5:2 Coping with the Cost of Land Use Disputes
      1. A. Lawsuits to Deter or Retaliate Against Public Participation
      2. B. Mediation
    4. II. Legislative and Administrative Powers
    5. § 5:3 Legislative and Administrative Actions
      1. A. Delegation to Administrative Body
      2. B. Characterization of Actions
    6. § 5:4 Delegation to Property Owners
    7. § 5:5 Initiative and Referendum
    8. III. Rezonings
    9. § 5:6 Amendments Generally
    10. § 5:7 Neighbor Protests: Extraordinary Majority Requirements
    11. § 5:8 Grounds for Rezoning
    12. § 5:9 Rezoning: Legislative or Quasi-Judicial Action?
    13. § 5:10 Spot Zoning
    14. § 5:11 Contract and Conditional Zoning
      1. A. Tests of Validity
      2. B. Some Examples
      3. C. Conditions Imposed by Private Covenant
      4. D. Remedies
    15. § 5:12 Piecemeal or Partial Zoning
    16. § 5:13 Uniformity and Classification
    17. IV. Variances
    18. § 5:14 Variances: In General
    19. § 5:15 Standards: Area or Dimensional Variances v. Use Variances
    20. § 5:16 Unnecessary Hardship
    21. § 5:17 Consideration of Personal v. Land-Based Factors
      1. A. Personal Hardship
      2. B. Disabled Persons Exception
      3. C. Self-Created Hardships and Purchase with Knowledge
    22. § 5:18 Effect on Public
    23. § 5:19 No Reasonable Return
    24. § 5:20 Unique or Unusual Characteristics of Property
    25. § 5:21 Effect on Neighborhood
    26. § 5:22 Conditions
    27. § 5:23 Practical Difficulties
    28. V. Special Permits
    29. § 5:24 Special Permits
      1. A. In General
      2. B. Distinguishing Features
      3. C. Growth in Use
    30. § 5:25 Standards
    31. § 5:26 Conditions
    32. VI. Vested Rights and Development Agreements
    33. § 5:27 The Vesting Issue
    34. § 5:28 Vesting Under Building Permits
      1. A. Substantial Reliance
      2. B. Good Faith
      3. C. Permit Requirement
      4. D. Right to Obtain Permit Based on Existing Zoning
      5. E. Municipal Good Faith
      6. F. Pending Ordinance Doctrine
      7. G. Moratoria to Protect Planning Process
      8. H. Illegally Issued Permit
      9. I. Municipal Liability for Wrongfully Issued Permits
      10. J. Zoning Change Invalid
    35. § 5:29 Estoppel
    36. § 5:30 Statutory Solutions to Uncertainty
    37. § 5:31 Development Agreements
    38. VII. Judicial Review
    39. § 5:32 Introduction
    40. § 5:33 Types of Actions
      1. A. Certiorari
      2. B. Appeal
      3. C. Mandamus
      4. D. Injunction
      5. E. Declaratory Judgment
      6. F. Choices of Remedy
    41. § 5:34 Standing
      1. A. In General
      2. B. Property Interest
      3. C. Neighbors
      4. D. Taxpayers
      5. E. Competitors
      6. F. Citizen Associations
      7. G. Local Government Units
      8. H. Extraterritorial Litigants
    42. § 5:35 Ripeness
    43. § 5:36 Defenses
      1. A. Finality and Exhaustion of Remedies
      2. B. Limitations Periods
      3. C. Laches
      4. D. Indispensable Parties
      5. E. Estoppel and Waiver
    44. § 5:37 Standard of Review
      1. A. Legislative Acts
      2. B. Administrative Acts
    45. § 5:38 Nature of Relief to Be Granted
      1. A. Legislative Challenges
      2. B. Administrative Challenges
      3. C. Consent Decrees
      4. D. Monetary Liability
    46. § 5:39 Relief Under Federal Law
      1. A. Standing
      2. B. Removal
      3. C. Civil Rights Statutes
      4. D. Bankruptcy
      5. E. Eleventh Amendment
      6. F. Preemption by Federal Law
    47. § 5:40 Enforcement
      1. A. Historical Inadequacies
      2. B. Public Enforcement Actions
      3. C. Private Enforcement Actions
  7. Chapter 6. EXCLUSIONARY AND INCLUSIONARY ZONING
    1. § 6:1 Introduction: The Evils of Exclusionary Zoning
    2. § 6:2 Minimum Lot Size
    3. § 6:3 Minimum Floor Space
    4. § 6:4 Multi-Family Housing
    5. § 6:5 Manufactured Housing
    6. § 6:6 Fair Share Requirements
    7. § 6:7 Inclusionary Zoning: Set Asides and Housing Trust Funds
      1. A. Inclusionary Set-Asides
      2. B. Housing Trust Fund Fees
    8. § 6:8 The Fair Housing Act
      1. A. Racial Discrimination
      2. B. Discrimination Against the Disabled
      3. C. Familial Status
    9. § 6:9 Exclusion of Non-Residential Uses: LULUs
      1. A. In General
      2. B. Exclusion Infringing Fundamental Rights
      3. C. State Preemption of Local Exclusion
      4. D. Environmental Justice
      5. E. Natural Resource Extraction
      6. F. The Death Industry: Cemeteries and Funeral Parlors
    10. § 6:10 Standing to Challenge Exclusionary Zoning
  8. Chapter 7. SUBDIVISION AND PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENT CONTROL LAW
    1. I. Introduction
    2. § 7:1 Subdivision Control Law: In General
    3. II. Subdivision Regulations
    4. § 7:2 Introduction and History
    5. § 7:3 Relation to Planning
    6. § 7:4 Relation to Zoning
    7. § 7:5 Definition of Subdivision
    8. § 7:6 The Subdivision Approval Process
    9. § 7:7 Enforcement Methods, Sanctions, and Required Improvement Guarantees
    10. § 7:8 Antiquated and Zombie Subdivisions
    11. § 7:9 Conservation Subdivisions
    12. § 7:10 Exactions on Subdivision Approval
    13. III. Mapping for Future Streets and Other Public Improvements
    14. § 7:11 In General
    15. § 7:12 Relation to Master Plan and Planning
    16. § 7:13 Relation to Zoning
    17. § 7:14 Relation to Subdivision Control
    18. § 7:15 Constitutionality
    19. § 7:16 Effect of Official Map on Marketability of Title
    20. IV. Planned Unit Developments
    21. § 7:17 Definition and History
    22. § 7:18 Relationship to Zoning
    23. § 7:19 Legal Status of PUDs
    24. § 7:20 Scope of Judicial Review
    25. § 7:21 Planned Unit Development Approval Process
    26. § 7:22 Private Restrictions
  9. Chapter 8. BUILDING AND DEVELOPMENT CODES
    1. § 8:1 In General
    2. § 8:2 Model Codes
      1. A. Traditional Models
      2. B. Smart Growth and New Urbanism Codes
      3. C. Aging in Place
    3. § 8:3 Relation to Zoning
    4. § 8:4 Unauthorized and Unconstitutional Applications of Codes
    5. § 8:5 State and Federal Preemption
    6. § 8:6 Building Code Enforcement
    7. § 8:7 Building Permits and Certificates of Occupancy
  10. Chapter 9. GROWTH MANAGEMENT AND SMART GROWTH
    1. § 9:1 The Growth Management and Smart Growth Concepts
      1. A. Evolution of Growth Management and Smart Growth
      2. B. Smart Growth and Urban Sprawl
      3. C. New Urbanism
    2. § 9:2 Growth Management and Smart Growth Programs
    3. § 9:3 Power of Local Government to Establish Growth Management and Smart Growth Programs
    4. § 9:4 Constitutional Limitations on the Power of Local Governments to Establish Growth Management Programs
    5. § 9:5 Growth Management Through Regional Planning and Regulation
    6. § 9:6 Moratoria and Interim Controls
    7. § 9:7 Capital Improvement Programming
    8. § 9:8 Infrastructure Finance
    9. § 9:9 Developer Funding of Infrastructure
      1. A. Required Dedications
      2. B. Impact Fees
        1. 1. Economic Analysis
        2. 2. Impact Fees and Comprehensive Planning
        3. 3. Evolution of Impact Fees
        4. 4. Impact Fees as Reasonable Exercises of the Police Power: The Dual Rational Nexus Test
        5. 5. Impact Fees and Other Developer Funding Requirements Under Federal Constitutional Law
        6. 6. Impact Fee Enabling Acts
        7. 7. Impact Fee Implementation Issues
        8. 8. Impact Fees as a Smart Growth Tool
      3. C. Linkage and Mitigation Fees
    10. § 9:10 Transferable Development Rights Programs
      1. A. General Theory: Mitigating Potential Wipeouts
      2. B. How TDRs Work
      3. C. Legal Issues
    11. § 9:11 Green Space Protection
    12. § 9:12 Land Banks
    13. § 9:13 Transit Oriented Developments
    14. § 9:14 WalkUPs: Demographics and Walkable Urban Places
    15. § 9:15 Growth Management and Smart Growth: Leading State Programs
      1. A. Arizona
      2. B. California
      3. C. Colorado
      4. D. Florida
      5. E. Georgia
      6. F. Hawaii
      7. G. Maine
      8. H. Maryland
      9. I. New Jersey
      10. J. Oregon
      11. K. Tennessee
      12. L. Texas
      13. M. Utah
      14. N. Vermont
      15. O. Washington
    16. § 9:16 Growth Management: The Canadian Context
      1. A. Placing Ourselves in the Constitutional Universe
      2. B. Growth Management
      3. C. Power of Local Government to Establish Growth Management Programs
      4. D. Statutory Growth Management Programs
        1. 1. British Columbia
        2. 2. Ontario
      5. E. Land Use Control/Regulatory Takings
      6. F. Developer Funded Infrastructure
      7. G. Linkage and Mitigation
    17. § 9:17 International Smart Growth Initiatives
      1. A. UN-Habitat
      2. B. 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
      3. C. The New Urban Agenda
  11. Chapter 10. CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS ON LAND USE CONTROLS
    1. I. Introduction
    2. § 10:1 Introduction
      1. A. The Property Conflict in American Society
      2. B. Overview of the Constitutional Issues
    3. II. Fifth Amendment Takings
    4. § 10:2 Framing the Takings Issue
      1. A. Direct v. Indirect Government Actions as Takings
      2. B. Inverse Condemnation
      3. C. Judicial Takings
    5. § 10:3 Physical Invasions as Takings
      1. A. The Loretto Per Se Test
      2. B. Non-Trespassory Invasions
    6. § 10:4 Regulatory Impacts as Takings
      1. A. The Early Cases: Mugler and Pennsylvania Coal
      2. B. The Modern Era: Penn Central, Agins, and Lingle
      3. C. The Takings Tests
    7. § 10:5 Exactions: Nollan and Dolan Tests
    8. § 10:6 The Economic Impact Test
      1. A. Categorical Taking by Total Economic Deprivation: Lucas
      2. B. Background Principles
      3. C. The Penn Central Multifactor, Ad Hoc Test
        1. 1. Economic Impact
        2. 2. Character of the Government Action
    9. § 10:7 Investment-Backed Expectations
      1. A. Purchase Price as Basis of Expectation
      2. B. Notice of Pre-Existing Law, Foreseeability, and Regulatory Risk
    10. § 10:8 Defining Property and the Relevant Parcel
      1. A. The Whole Parcel Rule
      2. B. Temporal Segmentation: Moratoria
    11. § 10:9 The Compensation Remedy
      1. A. Invalidation or Compensation
      2. B. Permanent or Temporary Taking: The State’s Choice
      3. C. Measuring Compensation
      4. D. Injunctive or Declaratory Relief
    12. § 10:10 Ripeness and Forum Selection for Takings Claims
      1. A. Generally
      2. B. The Leading Cases: Williamson County and MacDonald
      3. C. Seeking a Final Decision
      4. D. Seeking Compensation from the State Courts
    13. § 10:11 Takings Legislation
      1. A. Impact or Assessment Laws
      2. B. Compensation Laws
    14. III. Due Process and Equal Protection
    15. § 10:12 Substantive Due Process
      1. A. Major Supreme Court Cases: The 1920s and 1970s
      2. B. Relationship to 14th Amendment Equal Protection and Procedural Due Process Guarantees
      3. C. Relationship to Fifth Amendment Regulatory Takings Doctrine
      4. D. Substantive Due Process Today: A Tool of Limited Use
      5. E. The Property Interest Required
      6. F. Finality and Ripeness
    16. § 10:13 Procedural Due Process
    17. § 10:14 Equal Protection
      1. A. Introduction
      2. B. Deferential Review: Belle Terre
      3. C. Meaningful Rational Basis Review: Cleburne
      4. D. Opening the Door to Claims Involving Socio-Economic Rights: Olech
      5. E. Discrimination Based on Race
      6. F. Discrimination Based on Wealth
      7. G. Standing
    18. IV. First Amendment
    19. § 10:15 First Amendment Issues
    20. § 10:16 Retaliatory Conduct
    21. § 10:17 Sign Controls
      1. A. Commercial and Non-Commercial Speech: Billboards and Other Signs
      2. B. Residential Yard Signs
    22. § 10:18 Regulating the Sex Business
    23. § 10:19 Religious Uses
      1. A. Religious Uses and Their Neighbors
      2. B. Free Exercise Clause
      3. C. Legislation Protecting Religious Land Uses
      4. D. Establishment Clause
    24. V. Commerce Clause, Antitrust, and Waste Control
    25. § 10:20 Commerce Clause-Based Limitations
    26. § 10:21 Antitrust: Local Government Immunity
    27. § 10:22 State and Local Efforts to Control Waste Disposal
    28. VI. Litigation Issues and Section 1983
    29. § 10:23 Choice of Forum: Some General Considerations
    30. § 10:24 Section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act
      1. A. Procedural, Not Substantive, Protection
      2. B. Stating a Claim Under § 1983
      3. C. Deprivation
      4. D. Under Color of State Law
      5. E. Acting Under Custom or Policy
    31. § 10:25 Exhaustion of Remedies
    32. § 10:26 Relief Available Under § 1983
      1. A. Actual Damages
      2. B. Punitive Damages
      3. C. Equitable Relief
      4. D. Attorney’s Fees
    33. § 10:27 Immunities
      1. A. Governmental Immunities
      2. B. Absolute Individual Immunities: Legislative and Quasi-Judicial
      3. C. Qualified Individual Immunity
    34. § 10:28 Abstention
    35. § 10:29 Res Judicata and Rooker-Feldman
  12. Chapter 11. REGULATION AND PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE LANDS
    1. I. Introduction
    2. § 11:1 Introduction
    3. II. Wetlands
    4. § 11:2 Definition and Importance of Wetlands
    5. § 11:3 Federal Regulation
      1. A. The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899
      2. B. Section 10 Jurisdiction
    6. § 11:4 Section 404 of the Clean Water Act
      1. A. Corps of Engineers’ 404 Jurisdiction
      2. B. Filling and Draining Wetlands
      3. C. Statutory Exemptions from Section 404
      4. D. Permits: General and Individual
      5. E. Individual Permits
      6. F. Mitigation
      7. G. Cost of the Permitting Process
    7. § 11:5 State Regulation
    8. § 11:6 Wetlands Takings Claims
    9. III. Coastal Zones
    10. § 11:7 Coastal Zone Values
    11. § 11:8 Takings Claims
    12. § 11:9 Legislative Responses to Coastal Management Needs
      1. A. The Coastal Zone Management Act
      2. B. The Coastal Barrier Resources Act
      3. C. Coastal Zone Regulation: An Uncertain Future
        1. 1. State Legislative Response
        2. 2. Coastal Takings
    13. IV. Flood Plains
    14. § 11:10 Flood Plain Use and Abuse
      1. A. Flood Plain Values
      2. B. Development in Flood Plains
      3. C. Flood Plain Regulation
    15. V. Endangered Species and Habitat Protection
    16. § 11:11 Importance of Habitat Protection
    17. § 11:12 The Endangered Species Act as a Land Use Control Device
      1. A. ESA Overview
      2. B. Section 9 “Takes”
      3. C. Incidental Takings and Habitat Conservation Plans
      4. D. Constitutionality as Applied to Development on Private Land
      5. E. Fifth Amendment Takings Under the ESA
    18. VI. Natural Resource Extraction
    19. § 11:13 Introduction
    20. § 11:14 Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)
      1. A. The Process
      2. B. Federal Law
      3. C. State Laws
      4. D. Local Government Law
  13. Chapter 12. AESTHETIC REGULATION AND HISTORIC PRESERVATION
    1. I. Aesthetic Regulation and Architectural Control
    2. § 12:1 Introduction
    3. § 12:2 Sign Control
    4. § 12:3 Architectural Control
    5. II. Historic Preservation
    6. § 12:4 Introduction
    7. § 12:5 History of Historic Preservation in the United States
    8. § 12:6 Preservation at the Federal Level
    9. § 12:7 State Historic Preservation Law
    10. § 12:8 Historic Preservation at the Local Level
  14. Chapter 13. AGRICULTURAL LAND PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION
    1. § 13:1 Agricultural Land and Land Use Planning and Development Regulation Law
    2. § 13:2 The Historic Need to Protect Farmland
    3. § 13:3 The Changing Need to Protect Farmland
      1. A. Changing Demographics and Corporate Farming
      2. B. Nuisance Protection and Right to Farm Legislation
      3. C. Agricultural Land as Open Space
    4. § 13:4 Farmland Preservation in Farm States [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s Edition]
    5. § 13:5 Making Farmland Preservation Work
    6. § 13:6 Farmland Defined
    7. § 13:7 Land Use Planning and Farmland Protection
      1. A. Federal
      2. B. State and Regional
      3. C. Local
      4. D. Resolving Land Use Conflicts on the Urban Fringe
    8. § 13:8 Zoning of Farmland
    9. § 13:9 Agricultural Districts
    10. § 13:10 Clustering, Planned Unit Developments, Conservation Subdivisions, and Minimum Lot Size
    11. § 13:11 Transferable Development Rights
    12. § 13:12 Conservation Easements
    13. § 13:13 Land Banking and Farmland Trusts
    14. § 13:14 Preferential Assessment and Differential Taxation
    15. § 13:15 Constitutional Limitations on Farmland Protection Programs
    16. § 13:16 Urban Agriculture
  15. Chapter 14. NUISANCES
    1. § 14:1 Introduction
    2. § 14:2 Public Nuisances
    3. § 14:3 Public Nuisance Remedies
    4. § 14:4 Private Nuisances
    5. § 14:5 Private Nuisance Remedies
    6. § 14:6 Agricultural Operations as Nuisances: The Right to Farm
    7. § 14:7 Legislative Changes of Common Law Nuisance
  16. Chapter 15. PRIVATE LAND USE CONTROLS
    1. I. Introduction
    2. § 15:1 Introduction
    3. II. Types of Private Controls
    4. § 15.2 Defeasible Estates [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s Edition]
    5. § 15.3 Easements [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s Edition]
    6. § 15.4 Promises Respecting Land Use [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s Edition]
    7. § 15.5 Creation of Promises Respecting Land Use [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s Edition]
    8. § 15.6 Real Covenants [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s Edition]
    9. § 15.7 Equitable Servitudes [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s Edition]
    10. § 15.8 Differentiating Restrictive Covenants and Servitudes from Negative Covenants [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s Edition]
    11. § 15.9 Modification and Termination [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s Edition]
    12. III. Public Interest in, and Use of, Private Controls
    13. § 15:10 Constitutional Limitations
    14. § 15:11 Legislative and Judicial Public Policy Constraints
      1. A. Federal Statutes
      2. B. State Statutes and Common Law
    15. § 15:12 Public Use of, or Benefit from, Private Restrictions for Preservation Purposes
    16. § 15:13 Public Use of Private Restrictions to Complement Zoning
    17. § 15:14 Conflict Between Private Restrictions and Zoning
    18. § 15:15 Condemnation
  17. Chapter 16. THE POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN
    1. I. Introduction
    2. § 16:1 The Power of Eminent Domain
    3. § 16:2 The Eminent Domain Power and the Police Power
    4. II. Property, Public Use, and Condemnation Issues
    5. § 16:3 Compensable Property Rights
      1. A. Easements, Covenants and Servitudes
      2. B. Access and View as Property Rights
      3. C. Compensation for Divided Fees
    6. § 16:4 Public Use
      1. A. Taking for a Public Use or Purpose
      2. B. Taking for Private Use
    7. § 16.5 Necessity [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s 3rd Edition]
    8. § 16.6 Bad Faith or Pretextual Takings [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s 3rd Edition]
    9. § 16.7 Excess and Future Condemnation [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s 3rd Edition]
    10. § 16.8 Condemnation by Private Parties [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s 3rd Edition]
    11. § 16.9 Inverse Condemnation [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s 3rd Edition]
    12. § 16.10 Fair Market Value [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s 3rd Edition]
    13. § 16.11 Non-Monetary Compensation [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s 3rd Edition]
    14. § 16.12 Governmental Actions and Fair Market Value [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s 3rd Edition]
    15. § 16.13 Severance Damages [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s 3rd Edition]
    16. § 16.14 Benefits as Setoffs [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s 3rd Edition]
    17. § 16.15 Non-Compensable Damages [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s 3rd Edition]
    18. § 16.16 Condemnation of Restricted Land [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s 3rd Edition]
    19. § 16.17 Compensation for Regulatory Takings [Section Appears Only in Practitioner’s 3rd Edition]
  18. Table of Cases
  19. Index
  • Publication Date: April 30th, 2018
  • ISBN: 9781634593069
  • Subject: Land Use
  • Series: Hornbooks
  • Type: Hornbook Treatises
  • Description: This Hornbook introduces the fundamentals of land use planning and control law. Subjects covered include the planning process, zoning, development permission, subdivision control law, and building and housing codes. Discusses constitutional limitations and the environmental aspects of land use controls. Explores aesthetic regulation, historic preservation, and agricultural land protection.