Women and the Law Stories
Authors:
Schneider, Elizabeth M. / Wildman, Stephanie M.
Edition:
1st
Copyright Date:
2011
16 chapters
have results for gender
Chapter 3: Single–Sex Public Schools: The Story of Vorchheimer v. School District of Philadelphia 63 results (showing 5 best matches)
- By excluding school admissions from protections against gender discrimination, the legislators indicated an enduring belief that differential treatment by gender is not necessarily derogatory or negative even when explicit and intentional. Some advocates and scholars committed to combating discrimination have disputed the analogy between race and gender especially concerning the issue of whether separate can ever be equal. Gender has an undisputed biological basis while the assumption of a biological basis for racial difference has been effectively exploded. Moreover, the historical and social meanings of gender differences never produced a world of official segregation reaching into homes, families, and neighborhoods in the way that Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation and hierarchy. This absence of legalized segregation meant that society could view the integrative function of schooling as less vital with regard to gender than with regard to race. And officials and...
- Ginsburg in some ways pursued gender neutrality as a goal analogous to racial neutrality. Leading the ACLU’s Women’s Rights Project, Ginsburg framed lawsuits to challenge sex-based classifications. This strategy involved not only attacking exclusions that disadvantaged females but also questioning instances of special treatment for females. Ginsburg believed that either kind of sex-based classification should be challenged as potentially fueling negative or outdated ideas about gender. Some observers suggest that Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s strategy selected programs that benefitted women and not men as a way to accentuate for male judges the problem of gender exclusion; Ginsburg herself has stressed that both males and females have suffered from programs that impose gender disparities, and hence her approach attacked the system of gender roles.
- The Women’s Rights Project therefore sought “strict scrutiny” by courts of any gender distinctions drawn by law or government programs just as judges applied “strict scrutiny” to any race-based legal distinctions. Although the Court resisted proposals to adopt “strict scrutiny” for equal protection challenges to gender-based legal classifications, in the 1970s the Court gradually articulated an “intermediate scrutiny” standard requiring an important government purpose to justify such gender classifications. During that decade, the Supreme Court invalidated government programs benefiting one gender and not the other.
- Courts in the United States historically accepted gender categorization by government as reflecting some “real differences,” Some commentators challenge even these exemptions from gender neutrality. achievement that would signal gender equality are at stake, and reaching these ends involves tackling stereotypes and images of females and males, questioning the reliability of empirical evidence gathered by people who are themselves influenced by cultural images, and educating judges whose choice of levels of scrutiny affect the legality of gender distinctions in laws and policies. These issues have percolated in legal, political, and education settings for more than forty years.
- With 90% of the student body in Detroit African American, this racial and ethnic focus did not seem exclusionary and instead reflected the racial realities of the city. Yet however abominable the situation of Black boys in Detroit appeared, the situation of Black girls was also dismal, and all-male academies would do nothing to address the lack of good opportunities for impoverished Black girls in the city. This gender difference drew the attention and ire of national women’s rights groups. The combination of race and gender in the all-male academies evoked further controversy and national debate over when, if ever, racial as well as gender segregation could be justified in schools.
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Chapter 9: Of Glass Ceilings, Sex Stereotypes, and Mixed Motives: The Story of Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins 39 results (showing 5 best matches)
- Performance theory also highlights the ways that outsiders are required to enact racial or gender “comfort strategies” that downplay difference and make insiders feel at ease. This strand of scholarship emphasizes the harms of forced assimilation and gender conformity and notices that contemporary forms of discrimination are often masked as neutral preferences for people who are regarded as “good fits” for the organization. Performance theory de-naturalizes gender by showing how gender is socially constructed and given meaning by the people in an organization. For example, it helps to explain why even though other women may have been able to secure a partnership at Price Waterhouse, Hopkins was done in by her inability to perform her gender in a way that was palatable to the partners. In 1989, we did not yet have the vocabulary to describe ...about gender performance in the workplace. But it has since acquired that meaning and become an important precedent to cite in support of a...
- Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity
- The core idea of “gender stereotyping” that surfaced so prominently in now stands at the intersection of two important scholarly approaches to analyzing gender in the U.S. workplace. The first strand is structuralist in orientation and emphasizes the important role that employers play in fostering or combating gender bias in everyday workplace interactions. The second strand is more postmodern in orientation, challenging a binary view of gender and engaging the law primarily to resist the negative effects of thinking about individuals in rigid identity-based categories. As we have seen, Title VII law is capable of “taking up” both of these strands, albeit in limited doses, as evidenced by the developments discussed above with respect to unconscious bias and the expansion of the meaning of sex discrimination.
- , 15 Wm. & Mary J. Women & L. 535 (2009) (arguing that sex discrimination encompasses discrimination based on gender-linked traits, including gender identity).
- Despite these notable victories, however, the caselaw is unstable and does not provide a secure source of protection against harassment and discrimination for gay, lesbian, and transgendered plaintiffs. For the most part, courts have upheld the legality of employer dress and grooming requirements, even when such requirements are gender-based and by definition reinforce traditional gender role expectations. Several courts also continue to deny relief in cases in which the script of the harassment suffered by the employee is anti-gay in content and there is no strong evidence that it was prompted by the employee’s feminine appearance or observable gender non-conforming behavior at work. ...stems from prescriptive stereotypical beliefs about how men and women should act. For this reason, civil rights groups have continued to press for the passage of legislation that would amend Title VII to provide an express prohibition against discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender...
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Introduction: Telling Stories to Courts: Women Claim Their Legal Rights 25 results (showing 5 best matches)
- Authors Rebecca Hall and Angela Harris tell the stories of Black women’s efforts to resist violence based on both gender and race subordination. They explain that understanding “racialized gender,” which they define as “the interplay of race and gender subordination,” is central to comprehending the path of legal reform during Reconstruction and after. The concept of racialized gender has continuing significance for constitutional law, legal theory, and feminist legal history. This case is the first chapter in the volume because of the historical importance of the Cruikshank case, the crucial element of racialized gender that underlies many women’s legal cases, and the need to look underneath the surface for stories of women and law when it appears, at first blush, that the case is about a different subject.
- chapters give new detailed meaning to the workings of race and gender in concrete cases; the arguments from race to the discussion of gender as well. The chapter’s discussion of tensions between structural and postmodern perspectives on gender has important implications for many aspects of women’s rights litigation and feminist theory. The chapter ties in with many other chapters on issues of “sameness” and “difference.” Virtually all of the chapters address the limits of feminist litigation strategies for grappling with gendered norms and practices in male-defined institutions.
- , which has been a particularly “generative” case in contemporary women’s rights litigation. She reports on the detailed trial record including the expert testimony of Dr. Susan Fiske, the problem of mixed motives and “unconscious bias,” the broad problem of sex stereotyping in law and culture, and the way in which the case has been relied on as advocates make new arguments about gender non-conformity. She examines the implications of the case for “glass ceiling” litigation. Chamallas explains the tensions inherent in the concept of “gender stereotyping” which stands at the intersection of “structural” approaches to employment discrimination and postmodern notions of “gender performance” that have recently dominated analyses of workplaces.
- The struggle for gender equality has also involved the stories of men, seeking to combat discrimination in a wide range of fields. For example, taxpayer Charles Moritz, a single man who never married, claimed a tax deduction in 1968 for expenses related to the care of his dependent, invalid mother. The tax court ruled him ineligible under the tax code provision that granted deductions to a “woman, widower, or [a] husband whose wife is incapacitated or institutionalized for the care of one or more dependents.” ...to the Tenth Circuit arguing that the expenses paid for his mother’s care were necessary to enable him to be gainfully employed and that denying him this deduction was arbitrary, irrational, and a denial of due process. The Tenth Circuit found the challenged provision to be invalid and sex discriminatory. Thus even in the field of tax, an area of law not usually first thought of in relation to gender inequality, women and men seeking equality have brought their stories to...
- And finally, a central message of this book is that gender is everywhere and women and law stories are, too. From the hidden history of , retold from the new perspective of women, to the “everyday” case of the unknown domestic violence survivor seeking an order of protection in tribal court, many different women have told their stories to courts. By beginning and ending with these “hidden histories,” this book emphasizes the importance of the continuum of women’s stories in law whether the issue of gender is explicit, implicit, “hidden,” or “everyday.” These stories of women and law surround and enrich us all.
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Chapter 1: Hidden Histories, Racialized Gender, and the Legacy of Reconstruction: The Story of United States v. Cruikshank 32 results (showing 5 best matches)
- As a form of sexual violence, lynchings, like Thompson’s rape, might better be described as “racialized gender violence.” Gender violence seeks to preserve male dominance by demonstrating the perpetrator’s masculinity or by defending his masculine prerogatives from a perceived threat. Perpetrators of rapes and lynchings of Black people in the Reconstruction period intended to preserve the order of men over women, but also White over Black. Racialized gender violence maintained White supremacy through fear, oppression, and the denial of gender privilege, preventing Black men from exercising power as men and leaving Black women no refuge in “womanhood” or any chivalric protection accorded White women. The denial of gender privilege to Black people also helped define White male supremacists’ own race and gender identity, legitimating their power over others.
- appear to be “about race” and not about gender, while feminism is understood as being “about gender” and not race. The insight that gender is always raced, however, was apparent during slavery and Reconstruction. The post–Civil War threat of “social equality” was so potent, in part, because it threatened to undermine the meaning and value of not only racial identity but also gender identity.
- The history of racialized gender illustrates that White supremacy was built on, and incorporated, the gender order that privileged White maleness. This understanding complicates and deepens what it means to be a feminist. Catharine MacKinnon has argued that “feminism unmodified” is not about claiming rights as “women,” but rather about undermining the legal and cultural processes which create “women” as already inferior subjects. White women as a class could fight for political and economic rights as women in 1848 because they had unquestioned access to the personhood—including the privileges of gender—granted by Whiteness. They were thus able to criticize and question those gender privileges. Black women, however, were denied even the dubious privileges of female gender. Studying sexual violence against Black women shows how “female gender” itself has been a product of White identity in the United States.
- Gender Violence, Race, and Criminal Justice,
- The freedpersons’ bid for social equality also included claiming the privileges of dominant gender roles. Under slavery, men and women of African descent had always been treated as “sexed” beings. Their sexual and reproductive capacities were central to the maintenance of slavery as an institution. Indeed, enslaved women’s lack of reproductive freedom bred the American slavery system, embodied in the rule that a child took the status of its mother. Yet enslaved women and men had none of the privileges that today’s society would link to “gender.” Both law and custom, for example, treated enslaved women as lacking the “honor” that rape law protected. Enslaved women could never have hoped to be treated as “ladies”; they were “wenches” presumed to be sexually voracious and not worthy of respect. Enslaved men exercised none of the patriarchal powers over the household that White men wielded. Slave men and women lacked the basic family rights associated with European gender systems: they...
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Chapter 2: “When the Trouble Started”: The Story of Frontiero v. Richardson 10 results (showing 5 best matches)
- , 43 Cal.4th at 837 (“[A] statute or policy that treats same-sex couples differently from opposite-sex couples, or that treats individuals who are sexually attracted to persons of the same gender differently from individuals who are sexually attracted to persons of the opposite gender, does not treat an individual man or an individual woman differently his or her gender but rather accords differential treatment
- As Susan Frelich Appleton notes, discussions of gender roles and ideologies have been relatively absent from popular discourse on same-sex marriage, despite their prominence in academic writing. Susan Frelich Appleton,
- Over the past two decades, sex equality arguments for gay rights have undergone a partial renaissance. Feminists have expressed hope that legal recognition for same-sex partnerships will undermine the patriarchal connotations of marriage and help to liberate heterosexual women and men from the very same traditional gender roles that Ginsburg and her allies set out to undermine in the 1970s. and its progeny might allow judges to see justifications for same-sex marriage bans that are premised on traditional gender role “complementarity” or gender-based role-modeling for children as unconstitutional discrimination.
- “A Common Fate of Discrimination”: Race/Gender Analogies in Legal and Historical Perspective
- We Will Get What We Ask For: Why Legalizing Gay and Lesbian Marriage Will Not ‘Dismantle the Legal Structure of Gender in Every Marriage,’
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Biographies of Women and the Law Contributors 12 results (showing 5 best matches)
- holds the Robert J. Lynn Chair in Law at the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio where she teaches Gender and the Law, Torts, and Employment Discrimination. Prior to joining the Ohio State faculty, she was on the faculty at Louisiana State University, the University of Pittsburgh, and the University of Iowa and has held distinguished visiting Chairs at Washington University, the University of Richmond and Suffolk University. At Iowa, she was Chair of the Women’s Studies Program. In 2007, she was named a University Distinguished Lecturer at Ohio State. Her book, ...ed. 2003) has been widely adopted for law courses and seminars and interdisciplinary offerings on gender. In torts, she has written extensively about hidden biases in the calculation of damages and the low status accorded to non-economic harms, such as emotional distress and relational injuries. In anti-discrimination law, she has published articles on sexual harassment, constructive discharge, pay equity, tokenism...
- is a Professor of Law at University of California at Davis School of Law. She teaches bioethics, health care law, public health law, reproductive rights, law & policy, marital property and property. Her research areas include bioethics, reproductive justice, health care law, and public health law. More specifically, she focuses on the ways that race and gender mediate access to and impacts of technology use, health care, and law. She has written about race and gender disparities in health care, genetic and reproductive technology, and the regulation of fertility and pregnancy.
- is the A. Kenneth Pye Professor of Law at Duke University School of Law. Her work in the fields of family law, gender law, and employment discrimination has appeared in the Harvard Law Review, Yale Law Journal, Virginia Law Review, Michigan Law Review, California Law Review, and other leading journals. Her law school casebook,
- , a feminist activist and professor at CUNY Law School and director of its widely acclaimed International Women’s Human Rights Law Clinic (IWHR), died in May 2010 shortly after completing the chapter. Prior to joining CUNY’s founding faculty, she worked at the Center for Constitutional Rights on a broad range of civil rights and feminist cases involving race, class and gender. She advised on many, and argued two, cases in the U.S. Supreme Court, including chapter 6). In l991, she became involved in the global women’s human rights movement and authored groundbreaking articles on gendered war crimes and domestic violence as torture. With IWHR, global, and U.S. partners, she contributed to evolving women’s human rights, including the recognition of sexual violence and gender in international criminal law and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, as well as the movement to embed international human rights to U.S. law, policy and culture. She had Fulbright grants to...
- is the Economic Justice Coordinator for the state of Utah’s Domestic Violence Council. She has taught law and history at University of California at Berkeley School of Law and the University of Utah’s S.J. Quinney College of law. After graduating from Berkeley Law in 1989, Dr. Hall represented low income families in housing law, and represented plaintiffs in race and sex-based discrimination cases. After seven years as a litigator in public interest law experiencing how the structured patterns of race, class, and gender deformed the possibilities of justice through the legal system, she returned to academic life to study the history of the law and its relation to the creation and maintenance of systems of social stratification. She received her Ph.D. from the University of California, Santa Cruz in 2004 in History with a minor in Feminist Studies. She was Mellon Foundation Post–Doctoral Fellow at Berkeley Law and University of California at Berkeley’s Center for Race and Gender...
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Chapter 4: Unconstitutionally Male?: The Story of United States v. Virginia 32 results (showing 5 best matches)
- At the same time, the panel agreed with the Justice Department that these benefits could not be extended exclusively to men. “A policy of diversity which aims to provide an array of educational opportunities, including single-gender institutions, must do more than favor one gender,”
- One difficult matter concerned the gendered terminology at the school. In keeping with the intention to assimilate women—not change the institution—female first-year students would be “brother rats.” Bunting ordered that terms like “dyke,” “bone,” and “running a period” would stay. Administrators made some effort to reduce the level of gendered vulgarities and obscenities that had made the rat line a form of play-acting the raping and humiliation of women and at one point sanded away the gender profanities etched in the wooden desks.
- , 6 Am. U. J. Gender & L. 35, 36 (1997) (“[T]he standard applied in VMI is essentially as rigorous as today’s strict scrutiny standard.”); Jon Gould,
- . The United States argued, and the Supreme Court ultimately held, that VMI’s exclusion of women was based on unconstitutional gender stereotypes, and that the separate leadership program for women developed at a nearby college was not substantially equal to VMI. This holding left VMI with the option of going private, or assimilating women.
- The gendered nature of VMI method was especially apparent in the institution of the rat line. The rat line tested the mettle of the entering rats by making them subservient to the largely unsupervised upper-class cadets, who ordered the rats to do push-ups and run laps to the point of total exhaustion, “strain,” To reinforce the machismo ethos, gendered obscenities and hostility toward women served as quasi-official motivational techniques in the rat line.
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Chapter 8: “What Not to Wear”—Race and Unwelcomeness in Sexual Harassment Law: The Story of Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson 16 results (showing 5 best matches)
- In short, it was both race and gender politics that made Mechelle Vinson vulnerable to being sexually harassed. This raced and gendered factual context in
- , 12 Tex. J. Women & L. 197, 220–21 (2003) (“These plaintiffs and defendants were not all white nor were they all of elite economic status … Yet, the only legal category that appears to be in play in these cases is gender…. Gender is permissible as background and context, but ethnicity is not, forecasting contemporary debates about the crux of these two axes of identity.” (footnotes omitted)).
- Sexual Harassment and Racial Disparity: The Mutual Construction of Gender and Race
- in Raceing Justice, En-gendering Power
- 14 Cardozo J.L. & Gender 61, 81–82 (2007); Radford,
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- Plaintiffs did not assert two claims. As feminists, the plaintiffs’ lawyers appreciated that gender inequality lay at the heart of the abortion debate. Even though in 1976 absolutist Roman Catholic beliefs about the moral status of the fetus dominated the Congressional and political debate, popular opposition to abortion was also connected to a desire to preserve traditional gender roles in which women remained subordinate to men. Feminists understood that the social construction of pregnancy as naturally or divinely ordained was a key element in the preservation of patriarchy and that women’s control of their bodies was a sine qua non of women’s equality. But, despite the Supreme Court’s recent recognition of women’s constitutional claims for equality, plaintiffs did not assert that the Hyde Amendment was a form of gender discrimination. In one of the clearest examples of twisting reality into illusion, in 1974, the Supreme Court had held that discrimination against pregnant women...
- , persuaded states to include abortion in Medicaid. (Four do so by legislative choice, and the rest do so under court orders holding that the exclusion of abortion from Medicaid violates state constitutions, most often state constitutional prohibitions against gender discrimination.). About 13% of all abortions in the United States are paid for with public funds, virtually all provided by state governments.
- between gender discrimination and pregnancy made it more difficult to argue that this “tradition” was not its own justification.
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Chapter 12: The Entry of Women into Wall Street Law Firms: The Story of Blank v. Sullivan & Cromwell 8 results (showing 5 best matches)
- It remains to be seen whether, as Rabb implies, the integration of women is simply a matter of time—or whether, as Blank questions, women can ever be integrated into Wall Street law firms without extensive changes both in the structure of work and in the gendered division of labor at home.
- Women Lawyers in Big Firms: A Study in Progress Toward Gender Equality
- Cultivating Clients in the Competition for Partnership: Gender and the Organizational Restructuring of Law Firms in the 1990s
- Yet the firm still has trouble recruiting women, and in 2007 hired an outside consultant to survey women who declined their offers of employment. Since the fall of 2007, the firm reports, it has “tailored our follow-up approach for women recruits. We matched women lawyers to each woman recruit and tracked follow-up efforts to ensure that each woman recruit received individualized attention and that any concerns she had about gender or work/life issues were addressed.”
- Gender, Race, Bias and Perspective: OR, How Otherness Colours Your Judgment,
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Women and the Law Stories 2 results
Chapter 7: Pregnant and Working: The Story of California Federal Savings & Loan Ass’n. v. Guerra 11 results (showing 5 best matches)
- Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What To Do About It
- Race, Gender, and Work: A Multicultural Economic History of Women in the United States
- . 429 U.S. 190 (1976) (holding that an Oklahoma state statute with a gender-based differential—prohibiting the sale of beer to males under the age of twenty-one and to females under the age of eighteen—denied equal protection to males aged eighteen to twenty).
- Justice and Gender: Sex Discrimination and the Law
- Equal protection theory utilized a comparison mode, examining the treatment of the actor alleging discrimination and likening that treatment to the practice employed toward other actors in a similar situation. Yet legal theory seemed impoverished and judges seemed stumped when no actor existed in a role comparable to the woman’s. Hence the court analyzed abortion as a privacy issue, not one of gender equality. Cases involving pregnancy similarly provided to the courts no actor comparable to the pregnant woman. Reflecting on this dilemma for legal reasoning that relied on analogies, sociologist Barbara Rothman observed:
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Chapter 11: State–Enabled Violence: The Story of Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales 11 results (showing 5 best matches)
- Some History Regarding Gender, Race, and Civil Rights
- 1 J. Gender Race & Just. 1, 20–21 (1997).
- demonstrates connections between race and gender violence. U.S. Human Rights Network,
- On its most obvious level, Jessica Gonzales’ story is one of a single event of domestic violence resulting in tragedy that may have been further prevented through appropriate state action. It is also the broader story and history of domestic abuse, the story of the disregard of individual rights in personal security, the conjunction of the legal and social history of racial violence with gender violence, and its foundation in legalized concepts of property. All these factors, together, suggest that a new characterization of property by the state would be an appropriate counter to current forms of violence, domestic and otherwise.
- dissent, Justice Souter examined some similarities between gender-based violence and racial discrimination addressed by Congress under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, designed to remedy inequality. , though, this same avenue is no longer available to combat gender discrimination.
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Chapter 10: Six Cases in Search of a Decision: The Story of In re Marriage Cases 7 results (showing 5 best matches)
- The history of same-sex marriage in California began in the 1970s. In 1971, California had eliminated its gender-based distinction for capacity to consent to marriage. As a result, the new statute, in gender-neutral terms, set the age of consent at eighteen for any “unmarried person.” Inspired by the post-Stonewall energy of a new gay rights movement, same-sex couples in California began applying for marriage licenses, claiming that the statute permitted any two unmarried
- In 1993, the Hawaii Supreme Court held that restricting marital partners on the basis of gender constituted sex discrimination, which, under the Hawaii Equal Rights Amendment, triggered strict scrutiny. The high court remanded the case to the trial court to consider whether the government could show a compelling justification for the marriage restriction.
- had only rejected the equal application defense in the context of interracial marriage because the true purpose of Virginia’s anti-miscegenation law was to maintain White Supremacy. By contrast, in the California Marriage Cases, Justice McGuiness found no evidence that California’s opposite-sex definition of marriage discriminated against males or females, nor did he find any evidence that the definition had been enacted in order to maintain discriminatory assumptions about gender roles.
- Applying these four criteria, the court found that sex was a suspect classification because (1) gender is an immutable trait; (2) women are capable of being bar tenders; (3) women as a class have suffered from a history of discrimination; and (4) women are politically powerless because, although they obtained the right to vote in 1920, they remain “underrepresented in federal and state legislative bodies and in political party leadership.”
- not persuaded. It found that the state had failed to prove a compelling interest because there was no reason to believe that women bartenders would have any less incentive than male bartenders to obey the gender-neutral statutes governing the sale of alcoholic beverages.
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- Building a Better Race: Gender, Sexuality, and Eugenics from the Turn of the Century to the Baby Boom
- Policing the National Body: Race, Gender, and Criminalization
- has long historical roots, the specifics of the case were particular to the 1970s. The 1960s are remembered largely as a period of protest, resistance, and egalitarian social change. Social change continued in the 1970s, but retrenchment also occurred. The women’s rights movement challenged limitations on women’s role at home and in the workplace. Women’s rights advocates viewed reproductive rights as necessary to gender equality and therefore a dominant plank in the equal rights platform. The Supreme Court’s decision in
- Reproductive rights and family planning advocates campaigned hard for federal funding of surgical sterilization. Government-funded sterilization and family planning services did not originate to carry out eugenic goals, but to enable reproductive choice and gender equality. In that sense, the sterilization of Mary Alice and Minnie Relf differed greatly from the sterilization of Carrie Buck. However, the absence of explicit protections for individual autonomy permitted others—doctors, nurses, social workers—to substitute moral judgment and social blame for reproductive choice.
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- Publication Date: October 12th, 2010
- ISBN: 9781599415895
- Subject: Gender law
- Series: Law Stories
- Type: Overviews
- Description: This book examines landmark cases establishing women’s legal rights, offering accounts of the litigants, history, parties, strategies, and theoretical implications. It will enrich any law school course and can serve as a text for a course on women and the law, gender and law, feminist jurisprudence, or women’s studies. This volume utilizes subject areas common to many women and law casebooks: history, constitutional law, reproductive freedom, the workplace, the family, and women in the legal profession. Several chapters explore issues of domestic violence and rape.
