Principles of Natural Resources Law
Authors:
Zellmer, Sandi B. / Laitos, Jan G.
Edition:
1st
Copyright Date:
2014
21 chapters
have results for Oil and Gas
Chapter 10. Energy Resources 170 results (showing 5 best matches)
- While the MLA does not provide precise definitions of the terms “oil” and “gas,” the Department of Interior has opted for an expansive construction. The word “oil” includes oil shale, native asphalt, sold and semisolid bitumen, and bituminous rock characterized by oil-impregnated rock or sands from which oil is recoverable by special treatment. The Department has similarly defined “gas” broadly enough to include non-flammable gas, helium, carbon dioxide, coalbed gas, and other natural gases whose composition is not solely carbon and hydrogen.
- Oil and gas production from onshore and offshore federal leases supply approximately ten percent of the petroleum needed to satisfy total domestic consumption. By the end of the 1990’s, more than a quarter of domestic oil and gas came from federal lands. Although the number of federal acres under lease for oil and gas development has dropped since the heyday of the 1980’s, in 1995, acres under lease totaled more than 36.5 million acres. By 2005, during the
- Hydraulic fracturing, often called “fracking” or “hydrofracking,” is the process of initiating and subsequently propagating a fracture in a rock layer by means of a pressurized fluid in order to release oil, natural gas, coal seam gas, or other substances. Developers characterize the exploitation of shale reservoirs through fracking as the fastest-growing segment of the onshore natural gas market. According to the National Petroleum Council, up to eighty percent of all gas wells drilled in the next decade will rely on fracturing. As a result, U.S. oil and gas production is growing so rapidly that in just five years the U.S. may no longer need to import oil from any source but Canada.
- FOGRMA also strives to “fulfill the trust responsibility of the United States for the administration of Indian oil and gas resources.” This statutory charge has been interpreted to create a fiduciary obligation with respect to the management of oil and gas leases on tribal lands. market value determined by the highest price paid or offered for like quality oil or gas at the time of production.
- language of the deed granting the rights to the coal. In 2002, a Wyoming court looked to the intent of the parties and interpreted a reservation of “coal and minerals commingled with [the] coal” as not including coalbed methane. Likewise, an Indiana court held that coalbed methane gas is owned by the lessee of the coal rather than the lessee of the oil and gas, because the granting clause stated that it was “for the sole and only purpose of mining and operating for oil and gas.”
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Chapter 1. Economics & Natural Resources Markets 114 results (showing 5 best matches)
- N. Natural Gas Co. v. Nash Oil & Gas, 526 F.3d 626, 631–32 (10th Cir. 2010) (holding that landowners acquire title to oil and gas once it is produced from wells drilled on the owners’ land, even if it migrated from adjoining lands.)
- These simple, perhaps obvious, laws of supply and demand are significant for natural resources economics. As the price of a barrel of oil rises on the global oil market, there will be an increase in oil drilling in order to profit from the more lucrative market. Likewise, when the price of interstate natural gas drops below that of intrastate gas, then natural gas producers will try to put their product on the more profitable intrastate market.
- The laws of supply and demand determine which goods are produced and, in turn, which resources are used in production. When the price of oil is higher than the price of natural gas, then producers, following the supply curve, are encouraged to produce oil, just as consumers, following the demand curve, are encouraged to purchase natural gas. It would seem that producers’ desire for higher prices and consumers’ desire for lower prices produce an unresolvable conflict. Not so. Rather, the give and take of producers and consumers push the market toward equilibrium as consumers’ demand has an upward effect on prices and producers’ supply has a downward effect.
- The legal (and economic) incentive to drill is known as the rule of capture, which holds that whoever “captures” the resource keeps it. Thus, the reward goes not to the frugal interest holder who keeps the oil in the ground, but to the persons who drill and capture it. A landowner is encouraged by the rule of capture to bring the resource to the surface before a neighboring landowner or lessee does. The “tragedy” is that such common natural resources are overconsumed (wasted) rather than used in response to market demand. When there is overconsumption of a resource, the free market in that resource is in disequilibrium, and government regulation is usually necessary to correct the defect. State oil and gas conservation laws attempt to limit waste and avoid tragedy by reducing production and conserving supply.
- These six market operations allow the perfectly competitive market to achieve the virtues earlier noted. The operative phrase here, of course, is “perfectly competitive.” Markets for ball point pens, video recorders, and hamburgers are examples of at least workably competitive markets. These markets have numerous buyers and sellers, and a great variety of alternatives. Consequently, prices are set competitively as buyers and sellers move into and out of the market. Natural resources, particularly those used in the production of energy, often do not achieve a state of workable competition because of the existence of market failures. Some resources like oil and natural gas have characteristics (notably their migratory nature) that prevent proper supplies from reaching the market. Other industries, electricity and natural gas transportation, are structured in such a way that firms can exercise market power over consumers. And, other resources, such as the use of air and water, entail...
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Chapter 3. NEPA 141 results (showing 5 best matches)
- however, the plaintiffs challenged the Secretary of Interior’s EIS for offshore oil and gas development in the Pacific and Alaskan regions for failure to consider the cumulative impacts of simultaneous development on species, particularly whales and salmon, that migrated through the planning areas. They contended that the cumulative impacts of simultaneous development would be greater than the sum of development in each individual area because migratory species would experience synergistic effects. In its comments on the EIS, the EPA agreed with the plaintiffs, and admonished the Secretary to “identify the migratory species of endangered cetaceans, marine mammals, and marine and coastal birds and the full extent of each species’ distribution (the full range of their habitat)” and to “include all state and federal oil and gas leasing, oil and gas infrastructure, and … non-oil-and-gas activities that fall within their distribution.” The court noted that, although the EIS contained...and
- New Mexico ex rel Richardson v. BLM, 565 F. 3d 683, 717–19 (10th Cir. 2009) (holding that NEPA required an analysis of the foreseeable site-specific impacts of an oil and gas lease prior to its issuance).
- Although programmatic EISs can be quite generic in their assessments of on-the-ground effects, due to their broad overview of a multi-faceted proposal, a generalized assessment is acceptable so long as subsequent analyses of site-specific actions address environmental impacts and alternatives with specificity. In the court held that a comprehensive EIS was not required for the issuance of an oil and gas lease on national forest land where a lengthy EA had already been prepared for the agency’s leasing program and where appropriate restrictions could be required in subsequent permits to drill, which would entail more detailed analysis before surface disturbance commenced. Conversely, in the Tenth Circuit found that the BLM had failed to prepare an adequate pre-lease analysis on three oil and gas leases for coal bed methane (CBM) development in Wyoming, and that its attempt to rely on two previous EISs was erroneous. The first one, a programmatic EIS on the Resource Management Plan...
- Agencies may get by with an EA and FONSI if they “tier” their analysis to an existing EIS. the court found that the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) acted unreasonably by refusing to prepare an EIS to consider the possibility of more extensive future development when it issued oil and gas leases. The BLM relied solely on past data indicating that only one oil well had been drilled on the parcels in question, and it ignored information that the parcels had “high potential” for development, given that “fracking,” combined with horizontal drilling and other modern technologies, had made previously unattainable shale oil more accessible. The court required an EIS, rather than an EA, because the emergence of fracking methods for extracting shale oil raised potential environmental concerns that had not been considered by the previous EIS. Moreover, the BLM failed to acknowledge the controversy and the uncertainties regarding the nature and impacts of fracking. The court determined that the...
- the court held that a change in a proposed Resource Management Plan, which placed different restrictions on surface disturbances by oil and gas developers, was not within the spectrum of alternatives discussed in a draft EIS. The court explained that the exact location of the development, not merely the total surface disturbance, affected habitat fragmentation; therefore, the modification was qualitatively different and outside of the spectrum of alternatives considered by the agency, and the agency must prepare a supplement to analyze the impacts of the modification.
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Chapter 9. Mineral Law 138 results (showing 5 best matches)
- Although the Oil Placer Act of 1897 treated oil, gas, and oil shale as locatable minerals, the 1920 Mineral Leasing Act (MLA) removed from location onshore oil, gas, coal, and oil shale discovered after 1920. The Materials Disposal Act of 1947, as amended by the Common Varieties Act of 1955, removed from location designated commonly-occurring minerals, such as stone, sand, and gravel, discovered after 1955. Sulfur deposits in some states, potash, and outer continental shelf deposits of oil and gas have since been added to the list of leasable—not locatable—minerals. Fossils, meteorites, and crystalline deposits in caverns are also been excluded from location.
- Some states have enacted statutes to address the issue of the mineral estate owner’s liability for surface damage resulting from mining activities. Although many of these statutes focus on oil and gas development, the provisions may be extended to damages caused by hardrock mining as well. Oklahoma’s Surface Damages Act, for example, authorizes treble damages against operators who willfully and knowingly enter upon the premises to drill a well before giving notice of their entry or without the agreement of the surface owner. In Montana, the Surface Owner Damage and Disruption Compensation Act sets forth basic notice and compensation protections for surface owners of land overlying oil and gas reserves. In response to a surge in federal oil and gas leasing, Wyoming passed the Split Estates Act of 2005, which attempts to give surface owners more control over use of the surface estate. ...to negotiate in good faith and gives surface estate owners the right to sue for damages to the...
- Moser v. U.S. Steel Corp., 676 S.W.2d 99, 103 (Tex. 1984) (doctrines applicable to relations between oil and gas estates and surface estates would be applied to any mining context involving conflicting uses, including disputes over uranium mining).
- Burlington Resources Oil and Gas Co. v. Lang and Sons, 259 P. 3d 766 (Mont. 2011) (owner of mineral estate allowed reasonable use of surface); Pinnacle Gas Resources v. Diamond Cross Properties, 201 P.3d 160 (Mont. 2009) (mineral owners retain their common law right of entry).
- Burlington Resources Oil & Gas Co. LP v. Lang and Sons, Inc., 259 P.3d 766 (Mont. 2011).
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Chapter 5. Recreation and Preservation 179 results (showing 5 best matches)
- The LWCF provides money for the acquisition of land in support of outdoor recreation. Over the years, the LWCF authority has been amended to increase authorized funding levels and to mandate that offshore oil and gas leasing revenues make up any shortfall from other authorized sources. However, the Fund’s basic purpose remains intact.
- note 152, at 7–9 (describing the BLM’s awkward configuration of land holdings, rights-of-way, ORVs, and oil and gas development as “flash points in the contemporary discussion of BLM wilderness designation”).
- Rocky Mountain Oil & Gas Ass’n v. Watt, 696 F.2d 734, 738 (10th Cir. 1983) (citing 43 U.S.C. § 1702(c)).
- Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership v. Salazar, 661 F.3d 66 (D.C.Cir. 2011) (rejecting hunters’ challenge to BLM’s decision that “substantial development” of natural gas would not cause “unnecessary or undue degradation” of other resources, including recreational hunting opportunities and wildlife habitat); Mineral Pol’y Ctr. v. Norton, 292 F. Supp. 2d 30, 40 (D.D.C. 2003) (upholding BLM’s “unnecessary or undue degradation” regulations).
- The emergence of recreation and preservation as dominant uses of public land marks a cognizable shift in American ideology. Multiple use strategies have failed in part because the older extractive uses and the newer dominant uses of recreation and preservation tend to be mutually exclusive and inherently incompatible. The paradigm shift in values suggests that future conflicts will not be fought along the traditional lines of commodity versus non-commodity users. Instead, looming conflicts will be between two former allies—recreation and preservation interests. Such conflicts are particularly likely to arise between low-impact, human-powered recreational users and other types of preservationists and high-impact, motorized recreational users. The more consumptive forms of recreation, particularly those that require motorized vehicles, destroy the experience of preservationists and low impact/non-motorized recreationists. High impact recreationists also produce a number of negative...and
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Table of Contents 84 results (showing 5 best matches)
Index 99 results (showing 5 best matches)
Chapter 4. Public Lands 169 results (showing 5 best matches)
- In addition, the Omnibus Act also set aside two million acres of wilderness—“more than the combined acreage designated by the past three Congresses”—and codified the National Landscape Conservation System, which protects national monuments and other conservation areas managed by the BLM. The Act has the potential to impact a broad array of interests, including irrigators, oil and gas developers, livestock producers, wildlife managers, and regulators charged with protecting coastal areas and watersheds.
- Federal agencies face a daunting task in crafting appropriate strategies to protect the public lands and resources from the effects of climate change. Professor Glicksman explains, “[M]ost activities that contribute to climate change are beyond the control of the federal land management agencies … [because] the location of a source that emits greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions is irrelevant to its capacity to contribute to rising surface temperatures and the attendant consequences.” Eliminating all GHG emissions from mining, oil and gas development, and other activities that take place on the federal lands would barely make a dent in mitigating climate change. The U.S. Climate Change Science Program views climate change as an “environmental and natural resource management problem that is likely to dwarf any that the federal government has tackled to date,” and it calls upon the federal land managers to take steps to reduce the risk of adverse effects through adaptive activities that...
- CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. § 9607(f)(1); Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA), 33 U.S.C. § 2706(a); Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. § 1319; Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act, 16 U.S.C. § 1375.
- Kleppe v. New Mexico, 426 U.S. 529, 96 S.Ct. 2285, 49 L.Ed.2d 34 (1976) (upholding the Wild Free-roaming Horses and Burros Act); U.S. v. Midwest Oil Co., 236 U.S. 459, 35 S.Ct. 309, 59 L.Ed. 673 (1915) (upholding president’s decision to withdraw land to preserve oil reserves); Light v. U.S., 220 U.S. 523, 536 (1911) (“The United States can prohibit absolutely or fix the terms on which its property may be used.”).
- 659 F.2d 203 (D.C. Cir. 1981) (rejecting a trust duty in park management), and Alec L. v. Jackson, 863 F.Supp.2d 11, 15 (D.D.C. 2012) (dismissing claims against agencies for failure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions on grounds that the doctrine was “almost exclusively” a matter of state law and, even if there were a federal common law trust, it had been displaced by federal regulation).
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Chapter 6. Wildlife Law 158 results (showing 5 best matches)
- For example, the FWS withdrew its proposal to list the dunes sagebrush lizard after determining that conservation efforts by New Mexico and Texas significantly reduced the threats to the species by mitigating the impacts of oil and gas development on important habitat. Future or uncertain regulatory actions and purely voluntary actions, however, are not sufficient to prevent listing.
- U.S. v. Brigham Oil & Gas, 840 F.Supp.2d 1202 (D.N.D. 2012) (finding that oil companies’ use of pits to contain drill cuttings and fluids did not violate the MBTA even though several birds had died in the pits, since the pits constituted commercial activity that only incidentally injured birds).
- Wildlife-dependent uses include “hunting, fishing, wildlife observation and photography, or environmental education and interpretation.” All other uses, including grazing, oil development, timber harvesting, and non-wildlife related recreation, receive a low priority ranking, and are prohibited when they conflict with the NWRS mission, contradict the purposes for which the individual refuge was created, or materially interfere with wildlife-dependent uses.
- U.S. v. Apollo Energies, 611 F.3d 679, 690 (10th Cir. 2010) (recognizing that MBTA misdemeanor charges are strict liability crimes, but reversing a conviction where the defendant did not have notice that heater-treaters used in its oil industry could kill birds); U.S. v. CITGO Petroleum Corp., 893 F. Supp.2d 841 (S.D.Tx. 2012) (finding an MTBA violation when it was foreseeable that migratory birds could become trapped in layers of oil on top of uncovered tanks).
- Biodiversity is economically valuable—it plays an integral role in agriculture, food security, and the development of drugs and medicines. International wildlife trade and recreational activities generate billions of dollars a year. The loss of biodiversity results in the loss of ecosystem services such as air and water purification, climate control, and pest control. Beyond economics, biodiversity has aesthetic, cultural, spiritual, and intrinsic values. Species extinction is irreversible, and the present and future benefits of extinct species may never be fully understood.
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Introduction 4 results
- Natural resources include commodity resources, such as rangeland, timber, and minerals, as well as non-commodity resources, such as wildlife, wetlands, parks, wilderness areas, and wild and scenic rivers. All of these resources comprise the very fabric of the American landscape, and each has played a significant role in the history and development of this country. You can easily visualize the nation’s spectacular mountains and valleys, rivers and lakes, eagles and elk, wheat fields and grasslands, and forests full of trees, scenic vistas, and recreational trails. Perhaps more difficult to visualize but no less important are our oil and gas reserves, coal deposits, and groundwater reservoirs.
- Natural resources law is the study of how institutions have attempted to resolve the conflicts that emerge with the competing demands for natural resources. Conservation and preservation values compete with consumption and extraction desires. The law of natural resources referees these conflicts by weighing the interests of economic growth, ecology, historical expectations, political expediency, and geographic reality. As such, natural resources law is not static, but rather continues to evolve and adapt to changed environmental conditions, scientific understanding, and market and political considerations over time. It is a body of law based in large part on statutes and administrative rules, with an underlay of common law doctrine (particularly property law) and constitutional mandates ( the takings clause and federalism).
- “Principles of Natural Resources Law” is useful to law students, to those who teach natural resources law, to professionals who advise clients about resources extraction and conservation, and to those interested in natural resources development, management, and protection. It serves both as a stand-alone examination of natural resources law and as a supplement to various casebooks on the subject, such as Jan Laitos, Sandra Zellmer, and Mary Wood, Natural Resources Law 2d ed. (West 2012).
- This book analyzes the conflicts and legal responses that inevitably follow when natural resources are discovered, used, depleted, and fought over in court, before agencies, and in the halls of the legislature. Part One begins with economic considerations, then turns to decision-making and litigation, including jurisdictional requirements, followed by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Part Two covers natural resources management and environmental protection, including public lands, wildlife, recreation, and preservation. The last Part addresses resource commodity extraction, production, use, and regulation, including timber, rangeland, hard rock mineral resources, and energy resources. Although water is arguably the most important natural resource of all, it is such a broad topic that we leave the discussion of water law to other texts, particularly Sandra Zellmer and Adell Amos, Water Law in a Nutshell (forthcoming West 2014).
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Chapter 2. Natural Resources Decisionmaking and Litigation 74 results (showing 5 best matches)
- , the courts have dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction the following claims on the ground that the action sought was not discrete: a suit to compel the FWS to rule on all petitions submitted by any persons for listing of endangered species, which the court regarded as an improper programmatic challenge; a suit to compel the BLM under FLPMA to prevent undue degradation to tribal lands from mining operations; … a suit to compel the Forest Service to protect the values of wild and scenic rivers and manage such rivers to enhance those values; a suit to compel the BLM to take enforcement action against oil and gas operators who violate BLM regulations in such a way as to threaten a grazing allotment; a suit to compel the Forest Service to protect sensitive plants; a suit to compel the Forest Service to reject a plan to reintroduce goats into a national forest on the ground that the plan was inconsistent with a land use plan provision requiring the agency to protect sensitive...
- The APA allows interested persons to petition agencies for rulemaking, and requires that agencies give “prompt notice” and a brief explanation of the reasons for a denial of such petitions. , for example, the U.S. Supreme Court remanded the EPA’s decision to deny Massachusett’s petition to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles under the Clean Air Act.
- Francisco Sanchez v. Esso Standard Oil Co., 572 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2009); Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, 890 F.Supp. 470 (D.S.C. 1995).
- the Supreme Court held that Massachusetts had standing to challenge the U.S. EPA’s denial of its petition to regulate carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The Court found that, as a coastal landowner, Massachusetts’ risk of property loss due to rising sea levels attributable to global warming was particular and concrete. The Court also highlighted three special circumstances that eased the burden of establishing standing. First, congressional power to “define injuries and articulate chains of causation” made this dispute “eminently suitable” to judicial resolution because the action turned on the proper construction of a statute, the Clean Air Act. Second, the right to challenge the EPA’s rejection of a rulemaking petition was essentially procedural, and procedural rights may entitle a party to judicial review if there is some possibility that the requested relief will prompt the injury-causing party to reconsider the decision that allegedly harmed the litigant. Finally, the...
- Gardner v. U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 638 F.3d 1217 (9th Cir. 2011) (dismissing suit seeking to force BLM to close an area to ORV use where the BLM found that ORV use had not caused “considerable adverse effects”); Idaho Conservation League v. Guzman, 766 F. Supp. 2d 1056 (D. Idaho 2011) (finding that the Forest Service could not be compelled to close trails to motorized vehicle use under agency’s travel management regulations); Idaho Rivers v. U.S. Forest Service, 857 F. Supp. 2d 1020 (D. Idaho 2012) (dismissing suit to compel regulation of “mega-load” shipments of oil extraction equipment on a highway that crossed forest land).
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Chapter 8. Rangelands 148 results (showing 5 best matches)
- Global initiatives and research have led to a growing consensus that human activities are contributing to climate change. Although the topic of climate change has not yet had a direct affect on federal grazing policy, it is an important consideration. Grazing livestock produces methane gas, mostly through the digestive process. According to the EPA, agriculture accounts for twenty-three percent of the total methane gas released from all anthropogenic sources in the United States. While only a small amount of this is attributable to grazing on federal lands, the BLM should develop a systematic approach to assess and mitigate the impacts of climate change. Restrictions on grazing can prevent desertification and enhance the sequestration potential of grasslands, which provide sinks for both methane and carbon. Adaptation measures will also be necessary as the climate warms and water shortages become more severe, especially in the southwest.
- U.S. EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2006 (April 2008) (EPA 430–R–08–005) at 6–1.
- Pro-grazing conservationists contend that the “uglified” urban landscape, water depletion, air and water pollution, congestion, soil erosion, household and industrial waste, and a myriad of other impacts are more destructive than ranching to the ecosystem and to essential ecological functions and services. Amidst the emerging factions of the environmental movement, a growing number of land trusts seek to protect the ranching way of life and open space in perpetuity through conservation easements. State and federal laws facilitate these transactions through tax incentives and other measures.
- Strong BLM management and environmental stewardship is paramount for the future health and sustainability of federal rangelands. Privately owned grasslands face some of the same pressures, and stewardship is equally imperative. Federal laws and regulations impose some constraints on environmentally harmful activities such as grazing. In addition to FLPMA, NEPA, and the FS statutes, the Wilderness Act and the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act protects federal lands and resources from environmental degradation. In addition, the Clean Water Act and the ESA, which are applicable on federal, state, and private land, are important players in the field of environmental law.
- According to Professor Glicksman, FLPMA’s provisions can be employed to address climate change. Specifically, FLPMA’s planning provisions and its requirement that the BLM manage the public lands “to protect scientific, scenic, ecological, environmental, ‘air and atmospheric,’ and water resource values and to provide food and habitat for fish and wildlife,” allow the agency to anticipate and respond to climate change.
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Chapter 7. Timber 197 results (showing 5 best matches)
- , a Missouri court held that payment of taxes, cutting timber, and driving off trespassers did not constitute actual possession of land.
- The first major wave of state statutes aimed at timber harvesting and production was passed between 1937 and 1955. These “Forest Practices Acts” were fairly narrow in scope, and most expressed a primary goal of ensuring continued productivity. California’s forestry legislation declared “a public interest in the forest resources and timberlands of this state,” but did very little to regulate private logging and timber operations. As a result of “reckless logging,” downstream riparian lands “were battered by tons of slash, cut logs and whole trees washed down the rivers; worst of all was the three to six foot layer of silt left behind by the receding waters…. [U]prooted trees and unwanted logs … have in time of flood backed up behind and then buckled and destroyed highway bridges.” ..., which allowed the logging rules to be written by timber owners and others with direct pecuniary interests in the industry, was invalidated as an unconstitutional delegation of legislative... ...and to...and
- Lumber and other wood products became a leading export from the American colonies in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Logging mills dotted the shorelines of the lakes and rivers of North America. From 1801 to 1906, the amount of timber harvested rose from 0.5 billion board feet (BBF) to 46 BBF. By the 1920’s, the nation’s forests had been reduced by nearly half. The rate of logging began to decline, however, as production and use of alternative products such as concrete, steel, plastic, and petroleum grew.
- In addition to providing a broad array of recreational opportunities, forestlands provide vital ecosystem services, such as water filtration and wildlife habitat for a diverse array of species. Trees help prevent soil erosion by providing windbreaks and by stabilizing the soil with their roots and fallen leaves. Trees also clear the air and combat global climate change by acting as carbon “sinks.” One mature tree absorbs about 13 pounds of carbon dioxide annually. For every ton of wood grown in a forest, 1.47 tons of carbon dioxide are removed and replaced with 1.07 tons of oxygen.
- Like the 2000 regulations, the 2012 regulations include both ecosystem-wide and species-specific approaches to the maintenance of the diversity of plant and animal communities. However, species-specific approaches are required only as backup to efforts to protect diversity through maintenance or restoration of ecosystems and habitat types. Professors Coggins and Glicksman explain:
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Acknowledgments 2 results
- Jan Laitos wishes to acknowledge the research and analytical insights provided by Prof. Dan Cole, of the University of Indiana Law School, who was instrumental in drafting earlier portions of Chapter One. Prof. Laitos also wishes to thank and expressly acknowledge the following former law students at the University of Denver Sturm College of Law: Heidi Ruckriegle; Chelsea Cox; Teresa Helms Abel, and Laura Heller. Each made significant contributions to the materials and text.
- Sandra Zellmer is grateful to the University of Nebraska College of Law for a McCollum research grant, and to Vida Eden, Sam Staley, and Spencer Bergen for their assistance in preparing this book. Prof. Zellmer also wishes to thank Prof. Mary C. Wood, of the University of Oregon School of Law, for her generosity in sharing her forestry materials and insights.
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Copyright Page 2 results
- and Westlaw are trademarks registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
- The publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or other professional advice, and this publication is not a substitute for the advice of an attorney. If you require legal or other expert advice, you should seek the services of a competent attorney or other professional.
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Dedication 1 result
- Publication Date: December 23rd, 2013
- ISBN: 9780314282231
- Subject: Natural Resources
- Series: Concise Hornbook Series
- Type: Hornbook Treatises
- Description:
